Paleopatologic Report
Description of the performed Search and the gotten results
They have been filed, from the point of paleopatologic view, the
following Egyptian mummies:
Mummies Of the Egyptian Museum In Turin
Num. inv. 13001: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex probably.
Num. inv. 13002: Individual's mummy adult of female sex, of around 30
years.
Introduces sacralization of the lumbar V, spondiloartrosi lumbar and
clean diastasi of the pubic sinfisi, for probable dead puerperales.
Num. inv. 13003: Individual's mummy adult of female sex, of around 20
years.
Num. inv. 13004: Mummy constituted by decomposed bony segments than at
least two individuals adults.
Num. inv. 13005: Mummy of adult-young individual of female sex, of
around 16 years.
Num. inv. 13006: Mummy of childish individual of around 5 years.
Num. inv. 13007: Individual's mummy adult of female sex, of around 20
years.
Introduces a moderate pubic diastasi for probable dead puerperales,
Num. inv. 13008: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex, of around 35
years.
Introduces an ivory osteoma of 1 cms above of the right orbit and a
pregressa it fractures to wedge of the body of the lumbar II with
spondiloartrosi reactive osteofitica.
Num. Inv. 13009: Mummy of childish individual of around 4 years.
Introduces a damage bachelor-omerale left and an ample dorsal breach,
with loss of bony elements, interpreted as serious traumatic lesion,
perhaps for aggression from a big animal.
Num. Inv. 13010: Mummy of childish individual of around 9 years.
Num. Inv. 13011: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex, of around 40
years.
Introduces a serious spondiloartrosi back-lumbar deformante.
Num. Inv. 13012: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex of around 25
years.
Introduces sacralization of the lumbar V.
Num. Inv. 13013: Mummy of childish individual of around 6 years.
Num. Inv. 13014: Mummy of childish individual of around 6 months.
Num. Inv. 13015: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex of around 60
years. Introduces a serious dental pathology with illness parodontale,
penetrating caries and loss of the superior molars, DISH and a serious
spondiloartrosi back-lumbar osteofitica, a bilateral gonartrosi and the
results of fractures with crushing of the bodies of the thoracic XII and
her The lumbar one.
Num. Inv. 13015: Individual's mummy adult of female sex of around 40
years
Introduces spondiloartrosi osteofitica of the III and lumbar IV.
Num. Inv. 13017: Individual's mummy adult of female sex, of around 35
years.
Introduces the results of a fracture of the right clavicle and fractures
cost them some right emitorace.
Num. Inv. 13018: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex of around 60
years
Introduces an endocraniosi, a serious illness parodontale and
back-lumbar DISH.
Num. Inv. 13019: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex of around 60
years.
Num. Inv. 13020: Natural mummy of individual adult.
Num. Inv. 13021: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex of around 25
years.
Num. Inv. 13022: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex of around 20
years.
Num. Inv. 13023: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex of around 35
years.
Num. Inv. 13024: Mummy of childish individual of around 5 years.
Num. Inv. 13025: Individual's mummy adult of female sex of around 30
years
Num. Inv. 13026: Mummy of fetus or newborn?
Mummies Of the Archaeological Museum In Florence
Num. inv. 2166: Individual's mummy adult of female sex, of around 25
years.
Introduces an evident pre-ear furrow of the ileo, a dislocation of the
coccyx and a diastasi of the pubic sinfisi for pluriparità and probable
dead puerperales.
Num. inv. 2168: Mummy of childish individual of around 5 years.
Num. inv. lacking (Rx 325-335): Individual's mummy adult of masculine
sex of around 40 years.
Num. inv. lacking (Rx 336-340): Individual's mummy adult of masculine
sex of around 30 years.
Introduces the results of a fracture of the clavicle.
Num. inv. 2158: Individual's mummy adult of female sex of around 50
years.
Num. inv. 2163: Individual's mummy adult, vigorous, of masculine sex of
around 35 years.
Introduces a dorsal spondiloartrosi and a bilateral gonartrosi
Num. inv. 2164: Individual's mummy senile adult of female sex, of around
60-70 years.
Introduces an almost complete edentulia, a marked generalized
osteoporosi and a reduction of the external emirimes of the knees with
calcifications meniscali.
Num. inv. 2165:
Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex of around 25 years.
Introduces the results of a fracture of the right clavicle and a
bilateral tibial periostite.
Num. Inv. 2169: Mummy of childish individual of around 3 years.
Num. Inv. 2171: Mummy of childish individual of around 5 years
Num. inv. 5739:
Mummy of childish individual of around 7 years.
Num. inv. 6526: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex, of around 50
years.
Introduces back edentulia.
Num. inv. 7244: Mummy of childish individual of around 4 years
Num. inv. 89541?: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex, of around
40 years.
Introduces bilateral gonartrosi.
Num. inv. lacking (Rx 295-297): It makes a will with cervical line (up
to C6) of individual adult of masculine sex, of around 20 years.
Introduces signs of iperostosi porotica (skull to brush).
Num. inv. 7449:
Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex of around 50 years
Introduces total edentulia and a marked spondiloartrosi back-lumbar
osteofitica and some stripes of Harris.
Num. inv. lacking (Rx 273): Adult's hand with non metallic ring to the
ring finger.
Mummy Of the Museum Of Human Anatomy Of the university In Pisa
Pisa 1: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex, of around 30 years.
E' has effected a TAC it completes.
Mummies Of the Civic Museum Of Archaeology LIGURE
Pasheri En Aset
Individual's mummy adult of 30 year-old female sex.
Genoa 1: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex, of mature age.
Introduces edentulia total and different stripes of Harris.
Genoa 2: Individual's mummy adult of female sex of around 50 years
Introduces a back-lumbar spondiloartrosi, more important bilateral
gonartrosi to the left and results of fracture of the third distale of
the left fibula.
Mummies Of the National Archaeological Museum In Parma
Parma1: Mummy of adult-young individual of female sex, of around 16-18
years.
Introduces asymmetry of the inferior limbs with the right more short.
Parma 2: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex, of 60 years.
Introduces total edentulia, spondiloartrosi low dorsal osteofitica with
back-lumbar scoliosi to italic S, bilateral gonartrosi and results of
fracture of the left clavicle.
Legs of mummy: I individualize adult of female sex probably.
Skull 1: I individualize adult of female sex, of around 35 years.
Introduces numerous bones wormiane and epactali.
Skull 2: I individualize adult of masculine sex, of around 30 years.
Skull 3: I individualize adult of female sex, of around 45 years.
Skull 4: I individualize adult-young of masculine sex, of around 20
years.
Introduces a notable increase of the suggestive crossbeam diameter for
idrocefalia.
Skull 5: I individualize adult of female sex of 25 years.
Mummies Of the University Museums Of the university In Pavia
Pavia: Individual's mummy adult of female sex, of around 25 years.
Introduces some stripes of Harris.
Skull 1: I individualize adult of masculine sex, of around 30 years.
Skull 2: I individualize adult of masculine sex of around 25 years.
Mummies Of the National Archaeological Museum In Naples
Naples 1: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex of adult age.
Introduces total edentulia.
Naples 2: Individual's mummy adult of female sex, 25 years.
Introduces a notable diastasi of the pubic sinfisi, probably for
precocious dead puerperales.
Naples 3: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex, of 40 years.
Introduces results of fractures cost them bilateral.
Mummies Of the Museum Of the academy Of the In agreement Of ROVIGO
Mummy of newborn of the length of 46 cms.
Individual's mummy adult of female sex, of around 25 years.
Mummy Of the Museum Archaeological Paul GIOVIO Of Chest of drawers
Chest of drawers: Mummy of adult-young individual of female sex, of
around 18 years.
Also performed TAC and virtual reconstruction of the skull.
Mummies Of the Museum Of the academy ETRUSCA Of CORTONA
Cortona 1: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex, of 40-50 years.
Introduces bilateral gonartrosi.
Cortona 2: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex, of around 35
years.
Introduces calcifications bilateral inside meniscali.
Forearm of adult-young individual.
Mummies Of the Archaeological Museum In Milan
Milano1: Individual's mummy adult of female sex, of around 30 years.
Introduces a light diffused osteoporosi.
Milano2: Individual's mummy adult of female sex, of around 35 years.
Cranio1: I individualize adult of masculine sex, of around 25 years.
Cranio2: Individual's skull adult of masculine sex, of around 30 years.
Mummy Of the Museum Of Anthropology Of the universita' In Padua
Padua: I individualize adult of masculine sex, of around 30-35 years.
Introduces some stripes of Harris.
Mummy Of the Civic Museums Of History And Art In Trieste
Trieste: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex, of around 30 years
Mummies Of the Archaeological And Paleontological Museum Of Resentments
Asti1: Individual's mummy adult of female sex, of around 40 years.
Introduces a marked dental usury, a modest spondiloartrosi, a light
generalized osteoporosi and some stripes of Harris.
Asti2: Individual's mummy adult of masculine sex, of around 40 years.
Mummy Of the Civic Museum Of ?
?: Individual's mummy adult of female sex, of around 40
years.
Introduces a serious back-lumbar spondiloartrosi, the results of a
fracture of the third distale of the tibia and the fibula of right and
some stripes of Harris. A diffused osteoporosi is signalled
Mummies on which has been possible to effect the examination
endoscopic e/o autoptico
Mummies Of the Museum Of the High school Classical N. MACHIAVELLI Of
LUCCA
Lucca 1: External examination: Artificial mummy, in good state of
maintenance, of adult subject of female sex with superior arts slightly
flexes, with hands supported interiorly and separately under of the
bacino. Length of the dead body, measured, of m. 1,49; abdominal
incision of around 20 cm to the left side. Examination radiologico:
Individual of female sex of age bony radiologica around the 30-35 years;
presence, in thoracic and abdominal hollow, of material of very dense
imbalsamation not. Marked dental usury, of the degree 3 of Martin,
prevailing to level of the premolaris; modest cervical and dorsal
spondiloartrosi; presence of evident pre-ear incisures of the bones
iliache, for accomplishment of some (perhaps three) parts; presence in
the small basin of a formation " moriforme " of around cm. 2,5x1,5,
identifiable in a calculation vescicale type mixed; presence of tampons
vaginal and rectal; five stripes of Harris, or of "arrest of growth, to
level of the third subordinate of the femoral diafisis. Endoscopic
examination: Presence of bandages that they seem to dress again the
thoracic hollow internally. Comment: the individual, that had suffered
some episodes of " stress ", nutritional or morbid, during the
adolescence, certificates in the stripes of Harris - find that seems few
frequent besides near the dynastic Egyptians - it had a normal somatic
development, even if slightly inferior to the range staturale of the
female population of dynastic age. His feeding had to have founded
on foods gifted of strong abrasive power on the teeth, what for instance
the farinaceis gotten with millstones of stone; is drawn of a phenomenon
common to a lot of ancient populations, but particularly accented near
the Egyptians. The light picture artrosico of the rachide deposes for a
modest physical activity, deprived of strong overloads ponder them.
They are evident besides, on the bones of the basin, the signs of
some pregnancies to term. Last find, but I don't complete for
importance, it is the diagnosis of calcolosi vescicale type mixed.
Lucca 2: External examination: Artificial mummy, in good state of
maintenance, of childish subject of some months, of masculine sex
(genital external evident), deposed in supine position with head leaned
on the occipite, extended superior arts and places along the sides and
completely wide inferior arts. Length of the dead body, measured, of cm
59; body of color piceo; abdominal incision of around 15 cm along the
left side. Examination radiologico: Childish individual, with dental age
of 3 - 9 months; presence, in abdominal hollow of material of rather
dense imbalsamation, mixed to small roundish formations, completely
radio-opaque, of varying diameter from one to five millimeters; empty
tall thoracic hollow. Empty cranial hollow, without the anterior cranial
pit based post-deadly interventions and endoscopic posteriore.Esame: The
material of imbalsamation appears constituted by mixed clay to river "
fine gravel ". Comment: Pathologies are not revealed; subject eutrofico.
Mummy Of the Civic Museum Of NARNI
Narni 1: individual's mummy adult of female sex of around 20 years of
the slow Ptolemaic (The sec. b.C.), eviscerated, in partial manner and
rather neglected, through an incision of the abdominal wall, of the
length of cm 8, practiced in the region of the left side. Recognizable
the characteristic access for nasal street to the anterior cranial pit,
gotten besides through the staving in of the etmoide to the purpose to
remove the encefalo. The imbalsamation of the body mummified of Narni
results characterized from: presence of radio-opaque resins in the pit
cranial back denotanti the supine decubitus of the body; abdomen very
crowded of material of imbalsamation in the next regions to the
incision; chest less crowded of materials of imbalsamation; packages of
bandages, deprived of organs, between the femurs; disarticulation,
between the second and the third cervical vertebra, provoked by the
embalmers.
The autopsy, effected on the place, has allowed the recovery,
in proximity of the incision, of a package of flax bandages that they
wound an organ muscular cable. The organ, of the dimensions of cm 9x6x3,
showed walls with longitudinal striations, similar to thin muscular
bundles, analogous to what can be observed in the gastric walls. On a
fragment of this organ, reidratato with the method of Sandison, had
effected hundred sections that, after opportune coloration, they
have been observed to the microscope. This has allowed the recovery, in
the context of the muscular bundles, of a formation ovalare, of the
dimensions of mm 6x4, delimited by a wall of the thickness of around 80
microns (millesimi of millimeter), of gibbous or warty aspect with
estroflessioni that projected each other toward the outside. In the
inside slope of the wall it was present a layer of weary fabric, with
irregular edge and sometimes fragmentary; in correspondence of one of
the two poles they were visible a rostrum, with two lines of small hooks
and two interpretable roundish formations as suckers.
This way it appears to the microscope the cisticerco of the Taenia
solium (or tenia of the pig), that can give place, in the man, to a very
serious illness, said measles, due to the invasion of the fabrics from
the larvas of the tenia.
The tenies or cestodi are hermaphroditic worms, segmented, nastriformi,
that they reside in the bowel of numerous vertebrate. They are attached
some guest to the mucous intestinal with the head, said scolice, that is
provision, to such purpose, of suckers or, limitedly to some kinds, as
in the Taenia solium, of you ro-stripe. The kinds that infest the man
require, for the development of the larvas, one or more intermediary
guests (cattle or pig). The eggs, after having been ingested by an
intermediary guest, they are developed in larvas able to penetrate
through the mucous intestinal, to migrate in the fabrics and to develop
in cystic forms. The cysts with an only scolice are said cisticerchis.
The ingestion from the definitive guest (man) of meats containing cysts
with drain us vital it allows the development of the larvas in the adult
forms.
The tenia infestations in the man are distinguished, from the clinical
point of view, in two principal groups: the first one, in which the man
entertains the tenia in the bowel as definitive guest, includes, what
principal kind, the Taenia saginata (that gives a clinical
sintomatologia of scarce relief), while the second group, in which the
man entertains the larvas in the fabrics as intermediary guest, is
including the echinococcosi, that also provokes cystic lesions of big
dimensions, you locate to the liver and the bellows mainly. A position
to oneself stante is up to the Taenia solium for which the man can act
is from definitive guest, is intermediary.
The clinical demonstrations of the infestation from Taenia soliums are
of scarce relief when the man acts from definitive guest, while in the
cases in which acts from intermediary guest (measles) the
clinical picture is very serious. The cisticerchis are developed in the
muscles and in the viscuses and, with more serious consequences, in the
eye and in the brain, resulting in blindness and reactions
meningoencefalitiche that can be also deadly.
Mummies Of the Grave Of BAKENRENEF Of SAQQARA
Saqqara 1: The river bed of the sarcophagus brings the registration:
Merneith.
Is dealt with a mummy widely damaged ab antiquo, especially in the
superior parts. It results, in fact, deprived of the facial bones and of
the jaw; the superior limbs are absent and so the tibias, the fibulas
and the feet; the sternum and the anterior part of the thoracic box have
not been found again.
The inside of the mummy is appeared constituted by a real I tread
resinous that occupies the chest englobing the vertebrae, the coasts and
the pelvic hollow subsequently. The examination radiografico has
underlined the presence, to the height of the heart, of a beetle and,
more in low, of two radio-opaque formations of lengthened form. E'
identifies, with safety, a roundish " package " (10x9x8 cm), situated in
correspondence of the loggia cost it damages them, above the wing iliaca
of the same side. The examination radiografico of the I tread resinous
pelvic, has shown some images vermiformi calcifiche, probably
of elminti.
The deposition belongs to an adult woman, of superior age certainly a 30
years, tall around m 1,65, pluripara (2-4 parts). The pathologies
evidenziabilis to the macroscopic examination consist in a discreet
spondiloartrosi lumbar osteofitica (arthrosis of the lumbar column) and
in the presence of a knot of Schmorl on the anterior face of L2.
Saqqara 2. Is dealt with rests completely scheletrizzati belonging to an
adult woman of around 20 years, tall m 1,54, pluripara (1-2 parts) and
characterized by weak muscular attacks.
The paleopatologic study has revealed that the individual was affection
from bony tuberculosis of the body of L5 (disease of lumbar Pott). This
introduces cavitazione and it appears crushed to wedge with back apex.
The infection was spread toward the lower part, up to the sacred,
through the vertebral channel and I pour the tall one to L5, limitedly
to her anterior surface, following the muscular bundles. The
presence of minute cribrosità in correspondence of the anterior surface
of the vertebrae lumbar parties and some sacred shows that the
inflammation was in active phase. He deduces that the decease was
caused directly by the illness. You signals, besides, complete
spondilolisi of the back arc of left of L2.
Conclusions
The middle age of death of the adults has resulted of 37 years for the
males (range: 20-60) and of 31,5 years for the female (range: 16-65).
Insofar it would seem, even if the champion is a lot of disomogeneo for
epoch and origin, that the adult Egyptians enjoyed of a longer middle
life in comparison to other ancient populations. Interesting it is
besides the observation of well 4 corpses puerperali on a total of 24
women in fertile age, since confirmation, also for the Egyptians, an
elevated incidence of secondary female deceases to the birth.
The scarce frequency of stripes of Harris, or of arrest of growth, you
finds in 7 individuals only on 74, it deposes for the absence of stress,
malnutrizionali or infectious, during the period of the growth. Also the
diagnosis of an only case of iperostosi porotica deposes for the absence
of serious anaemic pictures and therefore it confirms the good state
nutritional of the Egyptian population.
The vertebral arthrosis is present in 12 individuals adults (6 males, 5
female) on 60, generally of superior age a 40 years. The most stricken
line is the back-lumbar one (7 cases, equal to 58.3%), succession to
distance from the lumbar line (3 cases, equal to 25%) and from that
cervico-dorsal (2 cases, equal to 16.7%).
The arthrosis of the knees struck individuals of masculine sex almost
exclusively (5 cases against 1), also of advanced not age, deposing
strongly for a functional phenomenon. The osteoporosis, found in 4
individuals, all of female sex and of inclusive age in 40 and the 65
years, reflects the known phenomenon tied up fisiopatologico to the
climaterio. The DISH (diffused idiopathics skeletal hyperostosis), a
pathology of frequent comparison in obese or diabetic subjects, has been
diagnosed in two adult males of around 60 years, between which the
famous architect Kha of the Egyptian Museum in Turin.
The dental usury constituted the norm, also in their children,
but the total edentulia was appanage of the mature age (over the 50
years) and therefore it struck masculine sex almost exclusively (4 cases
against 1).
The fractures are 10, with 4 fractures of the clavicle (3 males, 1
female), 2 back-lumbar vertebral crushing (2 males), 2 cases of
fractures cost them multiple (1 male, 1 female) and 1 fracture of the
fibula and 1 fracture biossea of the leg in 2 female. Is dealt with a
casuistic rather modest traumatologica.
The idrocefalia, rather rare find in paleopatologic, has been diagnosed
till now in eight individuals of inclusive epoch between the slow
prehistory and the medioevo. The case of the Museum in Parma constitutes
the first diagnosis effected on an ancient Egyptian mummy.
Also the calcolosi vescicale was a great deal a rare pathology near the
Egyptians. Iinfattis are only known in literature three cases of renal
calcolosi, a case of calcolosi ureterale and solo two cases of calcolosi
vescicale. The motive for this low incidence remains still unknown, but
it is perhaps from to put in relationship with the good and balanced
feeding of the Egyptian population.
Thin to they were known in Egypt 31 cases of tuberculosis now, all of
epoch predinastic and pharaonic, inclusive between 3700 and the 1000
b.C. The case of Saqqara 2, of epoch Ptolemaic, allows of to fill the
gap of the most recent period and also shows the presence of the illness
in crowds Alexandrine society.
Finally the discovery of the measles in the mummy of Narni dresses again
a big scientific interest since, till now, a was known only case of
infestation from Taenia solium, that of the mummy of Nakth, the weaver
of the funeral chapel of the faraones Sethnakth, lived under Ramsete V,
in the first half the XII century a.C. and deceased in 14 and the 18
years of age. This mummy, in whose bowel a group of Canadian researchers
recovered eggs of the kind Taenia, it is note as R.O.M. 1 (Royal Ontario
Museum 1). The first time, however, that a case of measles is
individualized, that is of invasion tissutale of the larvas directly in
the man. This represents an ulterior confirmation that also in Egypt of
age Hellenistic was very diffused the practice of the breeding of the
swines that, as we have mentioned, they constitute the intermediary
guest of the Taenia solium. In this case the intermediary guest was
represented by the man, in the fattispecie from the young woman, which,
evidently for motives for bad hygienic conditions, ingested
foods contaminated from I made human containers eggs of the dangerous
parasitic.
The pathology finally neoplastica is represented by an ivory osteoma of
the façade a benign bony tumor.
Produced of the performed Search
It has been biult a complete database in English language (egyptologic,
anthropological and paleopatologico) consultable on Internet to the page
of the section of Egyptology of the Department of Historical Sciences of
the Ancient World of the university in Pisa:
http://www.egittologia.unipi.it/project.htm
The database, continually
adjourned with the progress of the studies, it is generally already to
It has been made a complete revision, in progress of publication, of the techniques of Egyptian imbalsamation from the ancient Kingdom to the
Roman age.
Different techniques of image have been sharpened (standard
radiologiche, TAC and virtual reconstruction) for the study of the
mummies.
In raced of realization a show to expose the principal to the
specialized not public gotten results.
